HIGH CARBON STEEL WIRE DRAWING PROCESS

Construction Engineers

Construction Engineering

Construction Persons are key cogs to successfully completing a construction project. The projects that they work on might include designing a drainage and sewage system, constructing a building or developing railroads or roadways. Construction Persons often focus on a specific type of construction project. Some of these specialties are:

• Building - commercial housing or business building
• Electrical - electrical systems
• Mechanical - plumbing, heating or air conditioning
• Highway or Heavy - bridges, airports, highways or water waste

Construction Persons often use computers when producing and analyzing their designs for a project. Their job requires being able to put together a good team to complete a project. Construction engineers need to possess the proper knowledge of estimating, planning and controlling the costs associated with construction projects.

A construction engineer wears many hats when directing and assessing a project. They will survey the area where the job is to take place, paying special attention to environmental issues or government codes that need to be considered. Before a job starts, they might prepare reports on their findings and consult with others who have a hand in the project. Those parties might include environmental associations, government agencies and third-party construction companies. Construction engineers need to have a strong understanding of building codes, laws and regulations that might affect their projects.

They must estimate and determine the total cost of a project. The associated costs can include:

• Site inspections
• Tests regarding sewage, drainage or elevation levels
• Materials
• Equipment
• Labor costs

Construction engineers manage a variety of parties involved in any given job. They are also responsible for supervising a job to its completion while paying special attention to the allotted budget for the project as a whole. They must have good communication, interpersonal and leadership skills. They should be able to pay meticulous attention to detail. Construction engineers should also have strong analytical, math and problem solving skills.

Welding Symbols

Threads & Fasteners

 THREADS & FASTENERS

Fasteners:  Fasteners includes:

a.       bolts and nuts (threaded)

b.      set screws (threaded)

c.       washers

d.      keys

e.       Pins

FASTENERS ARE NOT A PERMANENT MEANS OF ASSEMBLY SUCH AS WELDING OR ADHESIVES. 

Fasteners and threaded features are specified engineering drawing.

→     Threaded features:  Threads are specified in a thread note.

→   General Fasteners:  Purchasing information must be given to allow the fastener to be ordered correctly.

Screw Thread: A ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix.

External Thread: External threads are on the outside of a member.

An external thread is cut using a die or a lathe.

→   A chamfer on the end of the screw thread makes it easier to engage the nut.

Internal Thread: Internal threads are on the inside of a member. An internal thread is cut using a tap. 

Thread Definitions: 

Major DIA (D): The largest diameter (For both internal and external threads).

Minor DIA (d): The smallest diameter. 

Depth of thread: (D-d)/2 

Pitch DIA (d_P):  The diameter at which a line cuts the spaces and threads equally.

Crest: The top surface. 

Root: The bottom Surface. 

Side: The surface between the crest and root.

 

Pitch (P): The distance from a point on a screw thread to a corresponding point on the next thread (in/Threads). 

Angle of Thread (A): The angle between the threads. 

Screw Axis: The longitudinal center line.

Lead: The distance a screw thread advances axially in one turn.

 

Types of Thread: 

There are many different types of thread forms (shape) available. The most common are;

→   Unified

→   Metric

Thread form choice depends on;

→   what it will be used for

→   length of engagement

→   Load etc.

Manufacturing of Threads: 

Internal Threads: 

a.       First a tap drill hole is cut with a twist drill.

b.      Then the threads are cut using a tap.

c.       Chamfers are sometimes cut to allow for easy engagement.

External Threads: Start with a shaft the same size as the major diameter.The threads are then cut using a die or on a lathe.